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''On Vision and Colors'' ((ドイツ語:Über das Sehn und die Farben)) is a treatise〔Karl Robert Mandelkow, Bodo Morawe: Goethes Briefe (''Goethe's Letters''). 1. edition. Vol. 3: Briefe der Jahre 1805-1821 (''Letters of the years 1805-1821''). ''Christian Wegner'' publishers, Hamburg 1965, p. 639. "Entsprechend hat Goethe dann auch seiner Abhandlung 'Über das Sehn und die Farben' nur bedingt zugestimmt." (''"Accordingly, Goethe then also only conditionally agreed to his treatise 'On Vision and Colors'."'')〕 by Arthur Schopenhauer that was published in May 1816 when the author was 28 years old. Schopenhauer had extensively discussed with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe about the poet's ''Theory of Colours'' of 1810, in the months around the turn of the years 1813 and 1814, and basically shared Goethe's views.〔Karl Robert Mandelkow, Bodo Morawe: Goethes Briefe (''Goethe's Letters''). 1. edition. Vol. 3: Briefe der Jahre 1805-1821 (''Letters of the years 1805-1821''). ''Christian Wegner'' publishers, Hamburg 1965, p. 639. "Vom November 1813 bis zum Mai 1814 sind sie in Weimar sehr häufig zusammengewesen. (...) In den Mittelpunkt der Diskussionen rückte schließlich die Goethesche ''Farbenlehre''. Schopenhauer teilte prinzipiell die Ansichten des Dichters, wich jedoch in gewissen Einzelheiten von ihnen ab." (''"From November 1813 till May 1814, they were together very often in Weimar. () Goethe's ''Theory of Colours'' finally became the central subject of the discussions. Schopenhauer basically shared the views of the poet, but deviated from them in certain details."'')〕 Schopenhauer tried to demonstrate physiologically that color is "specially modified activity of the retina.〔''On Vision and Colors'', § 1〕" The initial basis for Schopenhauer's color theory comes from Goethe's chapter on physiological colors, which discusses three principal pairs of contrasting colors: red/green, orange/blue, and yellow/violet. This is in contrast to the customary emphasis on Newton's seven colors of the Newtonian spectrum. In accordance with Aristotle, Schopenhauer considered that colors arise by the mixture of shadowy, cloudy darkness with light. With white and black at each extreme of the scale, colors are arranged in a series according to the mathematical ratio between the proportions of light and darkness. Schopenhauer agreed with Goethe's claim that the eye tends toward a sum total that consists of a color plus its spectrum or afterimage. Schopenhauer arranged the colors so that the sum of any color and its complementary afterimage always equals unity. The complete activity of the retina produces white. When the activity of the retina is divided, the part of the retinal activity that is inactive and not stimulated into color can be seen as the ghostly complementary afterimage, which he and Goethe call a (physiological) spectrum. ==History== At his mother's tea parties in Weimar, Schopenhauer had met Goethe in 1813. In November, Goethe congratulated Schopenhauer on his doctoral dissertation ''On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason''. Both men shared the opinion that visual representations yielded more knowledge than did concepts. In the winter of 1813/1814, Goethe personally demonstrated his color experiments to Schopenhauer and they discussed color theory. Goethe encouraged Schopenhauer to write ''On Vision and Colors''. Schopenhauer wrote it in a few weeks while living in Dresden in 1815. After it was published, in July 1815, Goethe rejected several of Schopenhauer's conclusions, especially as to whether white is a mixture of colors. He was also disappointed that Schopenhauer considered the whole topic of color to be a minor issue. Schopenhauer wrote as though Goethe had merely gathered data while Schopenhauer provided the actual theory. A major difference between the two men was that Goethe considered color to be an objective property of light and darkness.〔"...Goethe...was so completely a ''realist'' that he absolutely could not get it into his head that the ''objects'' as such exist only to the extent that they are ''projected'' by the perceiving subject." Schopenhauer's comment as quoted in Safranski's ''Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy'', Chapter 13.〕 Schopenhauer's Kantian transcendental idealism was opposed to Goethe's realism.〔"It is precisely the astonishing ''objectivity'' of his mind, everywhere stamping his () works with the mark of genius, which stood in his way where it was of value and prevented him from going back to the ''subject'', in this case the perceiving eye itself, in order to seize here the final threads on which hangs the whole phenomenon of the world of colour. On the other hand, coming from Kant's school, I was prepared and trained for satisfying this demand in the best way." Schopenhauer, ''Parerga and Paralipomena'', Volume II, Chapter VII, § 103.〕 For Schopenhauer, color was subjective in that it exists totally in the spectator's retina. As such, it can be excited in various ways by external stimuli or internal bodily conditions. Light is only one kind of color stimulus. In 1830, Schopenhauer published a revision of his color theory. The title was ''Theoria colorum Physiologica, eademque primaria'' (''Fundamental physiological theory of color''). It appeared in Justus Radius's ''Scriptores ophthalmologici minores'' (''Minor ophthalmological writings''). "This is no mere translation of the first edition," he wrote, "but differs noticeably from it in form and presentation and is also amply enriched in subject matter."〔''On Vision and Colors'', "Preface to the Second Edition,"〕 Because it was written in Latin, he believed that foreign readers would be able to appreciate its value. An improved second edition of ''On Vision and Colors'' was published in 1854. In 1870, a third edition was published, edited by Julius Frauenstädt. In 1942, an English translation by Lt. Col. E. F. J. Payne was published in Karachi, India. This translation was republished in 1994 by Berg Publishers, Inc., edited by Professor David E. Cartwright. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「On Vision and Colors」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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